Animal Farm - Politics Forum.org | PoFo

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By Proctor
#333
I finished Animal Farm about a month ago (for the first time I must confess) and wouldn't mind some good debate on what the different characters represent. Here's my theory.

Napoleon=Stalin
Snowball=Trotsky
Mr Jones=Capitalists
The other pigs=The Party
Boxer & Clover=The masses
Pilkington and Foxwood=Nazi Germany and America. Not sure which is which.
Sheep=The mob. Not to be confused with the masses
Dogs=The Red Army
Napoleon's 9 dogs=KGB, bodyguards, secret police etc.
Rats=Mensheviks and socialists
Mollie=Those from the middle class who do not adapt to the new society
Moses=Religion
Old Major=Lenin

I haven't come up with who the cows, hens, geese or the cat are. Also, Muriel, Squealer and Minimus have eluded me.
By Olympas
#338
I think Old Major is meant to be Marx'n'Engels rather than Lenin. I haven't read it for a while, but I think all the Pigs represent Lenin at the beginning, and then when Napoleon and Snowball split it turns into Stalin vs. Trotsky.
By Proctor
#341
Yeah, thats the more popular view. But since they keep Old Major's skull on display, and he develops a cult of personality I favoured Lenin over Marx.
By Jesse
#364
Orwell is quite the clever fellow.

Nineteen Eighty Four has over five hundred cleverly camoflagued references to our society, I'd very much like to compile them all one day.

Not likely, though :/
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By Evan Roberts
#432
Don't forget benjamin, the old donkey. I'd say he represents the old, as the old are usually the least revolutionary.

Mr jones could more specifically represent Tsar as I believe the charecter of mr jones is based on Tsar Nicolas II

Pinchfield is germany I think, with (mr fredric?) as hitler
Fox wood is more likely to represent England than america.

Squealer has got to be a the media or something.

Out of interest, why have you put down the rats as the menshevikiks?
By TUC
#458
When the horse gets i'll they take him away to some place.....whats that called (the place they take him)? I tried to figure it out but havent managed yet....
By bobby
#560
Here you go, an essay I wrote in 1997 or 1998 I think back at school.



This has to be one of the main causes of the failure of the revolution which really was a proverbial “cock-up” to say the least. The revolution turned into a blend of irony and hypocrisy. The general thing the animalist revolution was meant to overthrow, the in equality and oppression which were the very foundations it was mutated into and inevitably caused its own downfall.

The irony comes from when the pigs who became the self imposed rulers in essence creating a ruling class one of the very things the teachings of Old Major sought to remove creating a direct contradiction of their new found ethics and ideals. Animalism is a generic view of Communism which in itself was an unworkable ideology based system of Government. Orwell obviously could foresee this and decided to create and almost cryptic novel predicting the fall of communism and in this case in the USSR now known as the Russian Federation. He presented his realist views in this novel along with a highly critical way in which Marxism was implemented.

There are a massive number of metaphors in the story which draw very close resemblance to the Russian revolution. For instance during the initial uprising in Russia the Tsar and the royal family had their palace destroyed to create more of a sense of equality however after the capital was moved form Petrograd to Moscow a new palace was built for the leaders of the communist Government, this was the Kremlin. Jones house in the Story represents the Kremlin perfectly as it is a place of great luxury compared to the majority and more closely resembling the home of the previous ruler. The other animals are left behind in the barn which draws similarity to the workers of Russia being left behind in Petrograd while the leaders make a good life for themselves in their new home.

Although Orwell seems to criticise the implementation of animalism he also seems to be critical of the naïve thinking of Karl Marx that he had created an unworkable basis for running a country. He deemed that capitalism or in other words greed would cause the end of communism by showing that happening in the story as the pigs greed promoted them to a higher standard of living at the expense of the other animals.

The ideal of equality was completely abandoned and it was kept this way through two main methods, one of forceful oppression this was represented by the dogs who forced Snowball into political exile and enforced the pig’s rule with an iron hand. This was not however the main form of oppression this came from intellectual oppression. Only the pigs were entitled to a high grade education and were the only ones with the language and communication skills especially those demonstrated by Squealer who represented a Goerbils or Alistair Campbell capable of putting enough spin on every action taken by the pigs sometimes even lowering himself down to the level of emotional blackmail using statements which would indicate that Jones would be back if they didn’t comply. Also control was taken away from family upbringing as symbolised with the taking away of the milk which shows motherhood meaning he can now replace them as tools of the state rather than individuals. This represents the totalitarian deprival of freedom again directly against the ideal of freedom through equality.

The Alcohol represents the old far; Jones was drunk and incapable of running the farm. The pigs got drunk off their own prosperity which was never passed down to the workers who made it all possible. Jones was overthrown because he was drunk and lazy and Napoleons alcohol intake will inevitably lead to his downfall.

To sum up I would have to argue that Orwell had massively criticised the naivety and implementation of animalism aswell as Marxism and Communism in the real world. I feel that it is very effective at this as it did not only foretell the end of communism in Russia nearly 50 years before it happened it had the insight to look beyond the political viewpoint and objectively criticise the implementation of what was perceived as a very naïve and workable system. It certainly shows lessons for any would be Lenin, Oliver Cromwell, Michael Collins or Napoleon Bonaparte on how not to stage a revolution.
By Wilhelm
#612
I think Old Major represents Lenin.

This is because in his speech to all of the animals, he sings a song he had learned before, and that song inspires all of the animals. This resembles Lenin learning Marxist doctrine, and then invigorating the people's revolution through it.

Marx and Engels are not represented by any animal in particular there.

Squealer represents all of the Soviet propaganda.

Snowball is Trotsky.

When the Napoleon vs. Snowball conflict develops, we see that Orwell is a Trot.

In fact, Animal Farm had to be published long after WW2, when Orwell wrote it, for it not to deteriorate relations between the UK and the USSR, which was ruled by Stalin at that time.
By The_Communist_Threat
#616
actually i believe animal farm was published in 1945....so the war was over or about to be...

What was the character that talked about "candy mountain" or something???
By Wilhelm
#617
Who? I don't remember that one.

Ah, also Boxer represents the Red Army, and Snowball (Trotsky) commands the red army during that battle.

Well, yes, 1945. That was when it was bout to end. The allies already were having differences with the Soviets, and the USSR was not critical for victory against the nazis anymore.
By The_Communist_Threat
#625
The character that talked about "candy mountain" or something along those lines..i think it was a bird, maybe a raven to be specific....and he talked about how they had to work hard now but when they die they get to go to "candy mountain".....
By Proctor
#626
500+? Damn, thats a lot.

I'm not sure about Benjamin. I don't think he represents anyone, or perhaps Orwell himself. Orwell is famous for his ego, and he wasn't afraid to admit it.

I put the rats as the mensheviks since noone could decide whether they were comrades or enemies. They kind of benefited from the revolution, but were still officially opposed.

I don't remember what the place they send Boxer to is called either, but it is the slaughterhouse.

Moses the raven talked about 'candy mountain', so thats why I put him down as religion, possibly the Russian Orthodox Church. He is denounced at the time of the revolution, but makes a comeback later on.

I really don't think Boxer is the Red Army. Just the working class, striving for Communism ("I will work harder!").
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By TROI
#1733
The charater of boxer is supposed to be that of the Stakhanovite workers with the real 'I will work harder mentality!'. The Raven or 'moses' as he is known as is supposed to represent religion and how it is the 'pet' or in the service of the autocrasy.
The rats are supposed to represent the petty borjoursie in the russian society e.g. a shop keeper. Squeler represents the soviet propaganda machine that could persuade the animals to do anything practically.
The windmill was supposed to represent the 5 year plans.
Old major couldn't be Lenin because Major dies before the revolution as did Karl Marx and Lenin was the head of the rebellion. Minimus was the poet and artist who wasn't killed in the purges but were harnesed as a form of propaganda for the state.
This is just a hunch but I think the song 'the beasts of England' was supposed to represent a revolutionary song called 'the red flag'

matt
By Proctor
#8481
Orwell was hardly a reactionary, and if you reread his stuff, he never actually denounces Communism. What he does denounce is Soviet style Communism. There is a great difference.

I doubt the 'little artistic merit' quip, since it is now a literary classic. And besides, I thought they were great books.

Also, keep in mind his experiences in the Spanish Civil War. That goes a long way to explain why he didn't like the soviets.
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By Mr. Smith
#8527
TUC, the Horse (Boxer?) gets sent to a Glue Factory. Napolean claims it is a doctor.
By Dawn
#8915
I considered 'Beasts of England' to be the Internationale. I've never heard 'The Red Flag', so you may be right, but I found it fit pretty well with the Internationale tune.
By Tam
#9093
"Orwell was hardly a reactionary, and if you reread his stuff, he never actually denounces Communism. What he does denounce is Soviet style Communism. There is a great difference.

I doubt the 'little artistic merit' quip, since it is now a literary classic. And besides, I thought they were great books.

Also, keep in mind his experiences in the Spanish Civil War. That goes a long way to explain why he didn't like the soviets."


Pretty much. He was a democratic socialist as you can see by reading many of his other works and essays. For instance the second half of 'The road to wigan pier' gives an overview of the form of socialism he would like. Read 'Homage to catalonia' for his insight into the Spanish civil war, (very interesting) and my personal favourite is "Keep the aspidistra flying" which is another novel, much more down to earth than Animal Farm or 1984, and concerns itself with the life of an impoverished man who really doesnt like the world based around money but finds it impossible to escape from.

On the Characters I think you've got just about all of them, with the additons made by 'The Role Of Ideology'. Spot on mate.
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By jaakko
#9303
Apparently you didn't read the article, as you haven't commented on its main points.

Proctor wrote:Orwell was hardly a reactionary, and if you reread his stuff, he never actually denounces Communism. What he does denounce is Soviet style Communism. There is a great difference.


If that was true, if "Animal Farm" didn't have an anti-communist content, it wouldn't be among the favourites of the bourgeoisie all over the world. If it was a "communist" book that only attacked some "deviation" of communism and counterposing it with some "real" communist positions, it wouldn't be in every bourgeois school curriculum, though probably it would even then get the sympathies of the capital (as it attacks the first victorious socialist revolution of world history).

Here's some excerpts from the article I posted:

-"Orwell, following the pattern already set by that notorious renegade from the cause of the October Revolution, namely, Trotsky, pretended to be a supporter and defender of the founding principles of the revolution, merely protesting at the alleged corruption of its ideal in the Soviet Union by Stalin. Anyone who knows of the actual course of development of the Soviet Revolution - of the miraculous achievements of socialist construction in the USSR, in industry as well as in agriculture and of her cultural achievements, of the might and world historic contribution of the USSR to the defeat of Nazi Germany - could not be misled by Orwell's scurrilous lies. Unfortunately there are hundreds of millions of people around the world who are ignorant about the actual developments in the USSR of those days and who have gained their 'knowledge' from the 'learned' writing of bourgeois hacks such as Orwell. Having read anti-communist trash such as Animal Farm, they feel sufficiently well-equipped to become experts on the former USSR and to pontificate about the degeneration of the ideals of the Russian Revolution from every platform and through every medium provided to them courtesy of the imperialist bourgeoisie."

-"What attracted the bourgeoisie to this third-rate writer was not his pretended support for the ideals of the October Revolution, but his real driving hatred for the ideals of communism. Had Orwell's characterization of Stalin, and the CPSU that he led, corresponded to the truth, that would have made Stalin the darling of the imperialist bourgeoisie; had there been a steady erosion of revolutionary principles and had the dictatorship really collapsed into the dictatorship of a cynical few, Stalin's Russia would have been warmly embraced to the point of suffocation by imperialism. Precisely because the Russian reality did not accord with Orwellian reactionary fables, as the Soviet Union was busy tearing down her miserable capitalist and feudal past and constructing a bright socialist future for her people, imperialism waged a life and death struggle, ranging from economic blockade to armed intervention, against her."

-"Orwell was even more reactionary, if such a thing is possible, than Winston Churchill. The latter at least had the sense to wait until the end of the Second World War before publicly resuming his anti-communist crusade. Orwell by comparison could not contain his anti-communism even at the height of the war when the fate of humanity was being decided in the titanic trial of strength between Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany in the battle of Stalingrad. He wrote his Animal Farm in 1943. Publisher after publisher rejected the book. Even bourgeois publishers, at least during those days when the dark forces of Nazism hovered ominously threatening to devour mankind, had more regard than Orwell. Faber rejected the book as did Victor Gollancz. The latter's reaction was: 'We couldn't have published it then. Those people [the Soviets]... had just saved our necks at Stalingrad.' "

-"Notwithstanding his 'left' veneer, every class-conscious proletarian all over the world has regarded Orwell as an anti-communist diehard and an agent, paid or otherwise, of the imperialist bourgeoisie. As was to be expected, the Trotskyist 'left', taking, as ever, its cue from the imperialist bourgeoisie, praised Orwell to the skies, it ignored Orwell's anti-communism with the assertion that Orwell was only an anti-Stalinist and not an anti-communist.

And now the bourgeoisie embarrasses these poor little counter-revolutionaries by revealing that after all Orwell was a policy spy - a fine anti-communist indeed!

Documents released by the Public Record Office on Wednesday 10 July 1996 reveal that Orwell offered to provide a secret Foreign Office Propaganda Unit linked to the intelligence services with the names of writers and journalists he regarded as 'crypto-communist' and 'fellow travellers' who could not be trusted. Orwell made this offer in 1949, shortly before his death, to the covert anti-communist propaganda unit set up in 1948 by the Attlee government - that darling of the Trotskyite, revisionist and labour 'left' - allegedly in response to the 'developing communist threat to the whole fabric of Western civilization [i.e. imperialism].' The reader will remember that the paper released by the Public Record Office in the Summer of 1995 revealed that this Unit, called the Information Research Department (IRD), used writers, labour leaders and politicians to disseminate misinformation about the former USSR, the East European People's Democracies and against the Communist Parties of the West, notably those of Britain, France and Italy. Well-known literary figures such as the philosopher Bertrand Russell, the poet Stephen Spender, and Arthur Koestler (another darling of the Trotskyite fraternity) were enlisted by the IRD to produce anti-communist propaganda material during the cold war. The highly-placed Labour politicians used by the IRD included Attlee, Christopher Mayhew, Denis Healey and Vic Feather. Staffed by 300 officials, the IRD channelled most of its misinformation through ministerial statements, the ever-so-'objective' BBC, the press and British diplomatic missions abroad. The IRD, according to the documents released, singled out articles from the Tribune, the 'left wing' anti-Soviet weekly, to back up its covert anti-communist campaign. The IRD successfully, although not surprisingly, conscripted the BBC into the MI 6's anti-communist crusade, giving the BBC detailed advice about propaganda to the Soviet Union itself. In a memorandum of Major General Sir Ian Jacob, the then director of the BBC Overseas Service, one IRD official warned: 'Phrases like 'the Kremlin' in a hostile context should never be used. The Kremlin is an evocative symbol to most Russians,' adding, as if wanting to leave no room for doubt as to the counter-revolutionary credentials of Trotsky, Zinoviev and Bukharin, that 'Russian revolutionary anniversaries should be made the occasion for references to Trotsky, Zinoviev, Bukharin and other 'close friends' of Lenin'!!

It was to this nasty imperialist anti-communist unit, the IRD, that the 'socialist' Mr. Orwell, the darling of counter-revolutionary Trotskyites, made his offer to provide it with names of writers and journalists who could not be trusted because of their communist sympathies as well as the names of the anti-communist writers who could be trusted to produce anti-communist propaganda. According to the documents just released, in March 1949, an IRD official, Celia Kirwan, visited Orwell in a Sanatorium in Cranham, Gloucestershire, where he was suffering from tuberculosis. After visiting Orwell, she (Kirwan) told her colleagues: 'I discussed some aspects of our work with him in great confidence. He was delighted to learn of them, and expressed his whole-hearted and enthusiastic approval of our aims.' Do you -hear all this, gentlemen Trotskyists! Being too ill to write himself, he provided Kirwan with the names of potential contributors. At the beginning of April, shortly after he had been visited by her, Orwell wrote to Kirwan offering to provide her with 'a list of journalists and writers who in my opinion are crypto-communists, fellow-travellers or inclined that way and should not be trusted'. He went on to state that the notebook containing these names was at his London home and insisted that the list was to be treated as 'strictly confidential' for it would be defamatory to call someone a 'fellow traveller.' From the papers released this list is missing, but a card placed next to Orwell's letter to Kirwan says that a document has been withheld by the Foreign Office."

I ask you to read the rest of the article aswell. Anyway, Orwell's anti-communism is clear.
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