This isn't an ICBM, it's a mid-range ballistic missile. Makes for a common strategic conventional weapon. Saddam used them against israeli cities and didn't get nuked. He could have loaded them up with biological/chemical agents for all the israelis knew.
Others were mentioning conventional ICBM's the use of which is problematic because it's seen as a strategic weapon and nuclear powers aren't too keen seeing it on their radar. Obviously you won't get nuked for using Scud's. Although Israel was considering retaliation attacks but the US had to put some pressure to prevent that from happening.
Far cheaper than building a carrier to counter that carrier. And 1000 such missiles is not out of the question. Russia and the US have 300+ ICBM's each, and those are 15,000km range toys, this is just a theatre range ballistic weapon. 100 of these per carrier was a ridiculous overkill hypothetical on my part, Less than 10 would probably be enough considering the speeds, ability of the missile to change course rapidly and multiple warheads per missile involved. The most impressive anti ballistic missile system would have huge issues with a mere 20% success rate against such a target.
You obviously don't need a carrier to counter a carrier. In fact it would be counter productive if you don't have the resources nor the geopolitical incentives to build a dominant blue navy. Yes carriers are quite vulnerable against anti-ship missiles. In fact carriers, especially supercarriers,
are vulnerable ships that cannot venture outside their battle group. But they excell in power projection thus are not likely to disappear because of anti-ship missiles. But I do think they might be replaced, due to technological invocation and economic incentives, by lighter carriers or frigates capable of launching and retrieving naval UCAV's or perhaps even submarines capable of launching UCAV's.